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Why is cortisol known as the stress hormone?

Cortisol is a hormone that is commonly referred to as the “stress hormone” due to its role in the body’s response to stress. It is produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys.

Definition of cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is released in response to stress. It plays a vital role in the body’s stress response system, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. When the body perceives a threat or experiences stress, the hypothalamus in the brain releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol into the bloodstream.

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Functions of cortisol

Cortisol has several important functions in the body, including:

Regulating the body’s response to stress: Cortisol helps the body respond to and cope with stress by increasing blood sugar levels, suppressing the immune system, and reducing inflammation.

Controlling metabolism: Cortisol plays a role in regulating metabolism by influencing the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Assisting with memory formation: Cortisol is involved in the formation of memories, particularly those related to emotional experiences.

Regulating blood pressure: Cortisol helps to maintain blood pressure levels by constricting blood vessels and increasing the responsiveness of blood vessels to other hormones.

Supporting the development of the fetus: During pregnancy, cortisol helps to promote the development of the fetus, particularly the maturation of the lungs.

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Effects of chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels

While cortisol is essential for the body’s stress response, chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels can have negative effects on health. Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol can contribute to various health problems, including:

• Suppressed immune function: Elevated cortisol levels can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses.
• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Chronic stress and high cortisol levels have been linked to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart disease.
• Impaired cognitive function: Prolonged exposure to cortisol can impair memory, attention, and decision-making abilities.
• Weight gain: Cortisol can influence appetite and promote the accumulation of fat, particularly in the abdominal area.
• Sleep disturbances: Elevated cortisol levels can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insomnia or poor quality sleep.

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It is important to manage stress levels and find healthy coping mechanisms to prevent the negative effects of chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels on overall health and well-being.

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