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Definition: When do cells undergo cellular senescence as a result of oxidative stress?

Cellular senescence is a state in which cells lose their ability to divide and proliferate. It is a natural process that occurs as cells age or in response to various stressors, including oxidative stress. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of cells to detoxify them or repair the resulting damage.

Causes of Cellular Senescence due to Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress can induce cellular senescence through multiple mechanisms:

DNA Damage: ROS can directly damage DNA, leading to the activation of DNA damage response pathways. This can trigger cellular senescence as a protective mechanism to prevent the propagation of damaged DNA.

Telomere Shortening: Oxidative stress can accelerate the shortening of telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. Telomere shortening is a hallmark of cellular aging and can trigger cellular senescence when telomeres become critically short.

Activation of Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP): Oxidative stress can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases through the SASP. These factors can promote cellular senescence and contribute to chronic inflammation.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction: ROS can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. This can trigger cellular senescence through the activation of various signaling pathways.

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Consequences of Cellular Senescence due to Oxidative Stress

Cellular senescence induced by oxidative stress has important implications for aging and age-related diseases:

• Age-Related Diseases: Senescent cells can accumulate in tissues over time and contribute to the development of age-related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
• Inflammation: Senescent cells can secrete pro-inflammatory factors, perpetuating a chronic inflammatory state known as inflammaging. This chronic inflammation can further contribute to the progression of age-related diseases.
• Tissue Dysfunction: Cellular senescence can impair tissue regeneration and repair, leading to tissue dysfunction and loss of organ function.

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Overall, understanding the relationship between cellular senescence and oxidative stress is crucial for unraveling the mechanisms underlying aging and developing interventions to promote healthy aging and prevent age-related diseases.

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