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Definition: What is DNA damage?

DNA damage refers to any alteration or modification that occurs in the structure of DNA molecules, which are the genetic material present in all living organisms. It can result from various internal and external factors, such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, toxins, or errors during DNA replication.

DNA damage can occur in different forms, including:

• Chemical modifications: Certain chemicals can react with DNA, leading to the addition or removal of chemical groups from the DNA molecules.
• Single-strand breaks: These occur when one of the two strands of the DNA double helix is severed.
• Double-strand breaks: These are more severe than single-strand breaks, as both strands of the DNA double helix are severed.
• Base modifications: The individual building blocks of DNA, called nucleotides, can undergo modifications, such as the addition or removal of specific chemical groups.
• Cross-linking: DNA molecules can become cross-linked with other molecules, preventing their normal functioning.

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When DNA damage occurs, it can disrupt the normal structure and function of DNA, leading to various consequences. If left unrepaired, DNA damage can result in mutations, genomic instability, and ultimately contribute to aging and the development of various diseases, including cancer.

Cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to detect and repair DNA damage. These DNA repair pathways help maintain the integrity of the genome and prevent the accumulation of DNA damage over time. However, as organisms age, the efficiency of these repair mechanisms may decline, leading to an increased accumulation of DNA damage and potentially contributing to the aging process.

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