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Definition: What are the different types of cell-matrix adhesion complexes?

There are several types of cell-matrix adhesion complexes, each with its own unique composition and function. The main types include:

1. Focal adhesions: Focal adhesions are large, dynamic structures that form at the interface between the cell and the ECM. They consist of integrin receptors, which are transmembrane proteins that bind to specific ECM components, such as fibronectin and collagen. Focal adhesions serve as mechanical linkages between the cell and the ECM, transmitting forces and signals bidirectionally. They also regulate cell migration and signaling pathways involved in cell survival and differentiation.

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2. Hemidesmosomes: Hemidesmosomes are specialized adhesion complexes found in epithelial cells that anchor the basal surface of the cell to the underlying basement membrane. They are composed of integrins, as well as other proteins such as plectin and BPAG1. Hemidesmosomes provide structural support and stability to epithelial tissues, allowing them to resist mechanical stress.

3. Desmosomes: Desmosomes are adhesive structures that connect adjacent cells in tissues subjected to mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. They are composed of transmembrane proteins called desmogleins and desmocollins, which interact with each other to form strong cell-cell adhesions. Desmosomes also contain intracellular proteins, including desmoplakin and plakoglobin, which link the adhesion complex to the cell’s cytoskeleton. These complexes provide mechanical strength and integrity to tissues by distributing mechanical forces across cells.

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4. Fibrillar adhesions: Fibrillar adhesions are specialized adhesion complexes found in cells that interact with fibrillar ECM components, such as collagen fibers. They are characterized by the presence of integrins and other ECM-binding proteins, such as discoidin domain receptors. Fibrillar adhesions play a role in cell migration, ECM remodeling, and tissue repair.

In summary, cell-matrix adhesion complexes are diverse structures that facilitate cell-ECM interactions and regulate various cellular processes. Understanding the different types of adhesion complexes is crucial for unraveling their roles in tissue development, homeostasis, and disease.

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Keywords: complexes, adhesion, adhesions, matrix, proteins, mechanical, structures, tissue, fibrillar