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How does excessive sun exposure increase the risk of skin cancer?

When the skin is exposed to UV radiation, it penetrates the outer layer and reaches the deeper layers, where it can cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells. These mutations disrupt the normal functioning of the cells, leading to uncontrolled growth and the formation of tumors.

UV radiation is classified into two types: UVA and UVB. UVA rays can penetrate deep into the skin, causing long-term damage, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layers of the skin, causing sunburns. Both types of radiation can contribute to the development of skin cancer.

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The risk of skin cancer increases with excessive sun exposure due to several factors. Firstly, the intensity of UV radiation is higher during peak sunlight hours, typically between 10 am and 4 pm. Spending prolonged periods outdoors during these hours without protection increases the exposure to harmful UV rays.

Secondly, repeated sunburns or excessive tanning can significantly increase the risk of skin cancer. Each time the skin gets sunburned, it indicates that the DNA in the skin cells has been damaged. Over time, this damage accumulates, increasing the likelihood of cancerous cell growth.

Furthermore, individuals with fair skin, light-colored hair, and light-colored eyes are more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation. Their skin has less melanin, which is the pigment that provides some natural protection against UV rays. As a result, they are more prone to sunburns and have a higher risk of developing skin cancer.

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It is important to note that the risk of skin cancer is not limited to sunny days or warm climates. UV radiation can still be harmful on cloudy or overcast days, as clouds do not block all UV rays. Additionally, UV rays can reflect off surfaces such as sand, water, snow, and concrete, further increasing exposure.

To reduce the risk of skin cancer, it is crucial to protect the skin from excessive sun exposure. This can be achieved by seeking shade during peak sunlight hours, wearing protective clothing such as wide-brimmed hats and long-sleeved shirts, and regularly applying broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF).

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