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How do senescent cells contribute to aging?

Senescent cells are cells that have entered a state of irreversible growth arrest, meaning they can no longer divide and replicate. These cells accumulate in tissues and organs as a natural part of the aging process.

Cellular Senescence

Cellular senescence is a complex biological phenomenon that occurs in response to various stressors, including DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oxidative stress. When cells experience these stressors, they activate a cellular response known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Senescence and Aging

Senescent cells play a dual role in the aging process. On one hand, they serve as a protective mechanism by preventing damaged cells from becoming cancerous. By entering a state of senescence, these cells stop dividing and spreading their damaged DNA. This helps to maintain tissue integrity and reduce the risk of cancer development.

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On the other hand, the accumulation of senescent cells over time can contribute to aging and age-related diseases. Senescent cells secrete a range of pro-inflammatory molecules and other factors through the SASP. These molecules can have detrimental effects on surrounding cells and tissues, promoting chronic inflammation and tissue dysfunction.

Effects of Senescent Cells

The presence of senescent cells has been linked to various age-related conditions, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and impaired tissue regeneration. Chronic inflammation caused by the SASP can lead to tissue damage, impair organ function, and increase the risk of age-related diseases.

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Furthermore, senescent cells can disrupt the normal functioning of neighboring cells by altering the tissue microenvironment. They can impair stem cell function, hinder tissue repair processes, and contribute to the decline in tissue homeostasis observed with aging.

Targeting Senescent Cells

Given the detrimental effects of senescent cells on aging and age-related diseases, there is growing interest in developing therapies to target and eliminate these cells. This approach, known as senolytic therapy, aims to selectively remove senescent cells from tissues and restore tissue homeostasis.

Several senolytic drugs and interventions have shown promising results in preclinical studies and early clinical trials. By selectively eliminating senescent cells, these therapies have the potential to delay aging, improve tissue function, and reduce the burden of age-related diseases.

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