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Definition: How do extracellular matrix components influence cell signaling and gene expression?

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds cells in tissues and organs. It provides structural support and plays a crucial role in regulating cell behavior, including cell signaling and gene expression.

Cell Signaling

Extracellular matrix components can directly or indirectly influence cell signaling pathways. They can act as ligands for cell surface receptors, triggering intracellular signaling cascades. For example, integrins, a family of cell adhesion receptors, bind to ECM proteins such as fibronectin and collagen, transmitting signals from the ECM to the cell interior. These signals can regulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival.

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In addition to acting as ligands, ECM components can also modulate the activity of growth factors and cytokines. They can sequester these signaling molecules, preventing their diffusion and degradation, and thereby prolonging their activity. ECM molecules can also interact with growth factors and cytokines, altering their conformation and bioavailability, and influencing their signaling potency.

Gene Expression

The ECM can also influence gene expression in cells. It can directly affect the transcriptional activity of genes by interacting with cell surface receptors and activating intracellular signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. For example, ECM components can activate transcription factors, such as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which can bind to specific DNA sequences and promote or inhibit gene transcription.

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Furthermore, the physical properties of the ECM, such as its stiffness and topography, can influence gene expression. Cells can sense and respond to these mechanical cues through mechanotransduction pathways, which can modulate gene expression. For example, increased ECM stiffness can activate the Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) pathway, leading to changes in gene expression patterns associated with cell proliferation and differentiation.

In summary, extracellular matrix components play a crucial role in influencing cell signaling and gene expression. They can directly interact with cell surface receptors, modulate the activity of growth factors and cytokines, and affect the transcriptional activity of genes. Understanding these interactions is essential for unraveling the complex mechanisms underlying cellular behavior and tissue homeostasis.

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Keywords: signaling, expression, components, activity, extracellular, matrix, influence, receptors, factors