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Marine Mammal Protection Act

The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) is a comprehensive legislation enacted by the United States Congress in 1972 to protect marine mammals and their habitats. This act was established in response to growing concerns about the declining populations of marine mammals due to human activities such as hunting, fishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.

Under the MMPA, all marine mammals, including whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, manatees, and polar bears, are protected and managed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The act prohibits the hunting, capturing, killing, or harassment of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens anywhere in the world.

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The MMPA also requires the development and implementation of conservation plans, known as Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports (SARs), which assess the status and health of different marine mammal populations. These reports help in determining the appropriate management measures to ensure the recovery and conservation of endangered or depleted species.

Furthermore, the MMPA mandates the establishment of protected areas, such as marine sanctuaries and reserves, to safeguard critical habitats for marine mammals. It also regulates activities that may cause harm to these animals, such as underwater noise pollution from sonar systems, seismic surveys, and commercial shipping.

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The act provides a framework for international cooperation in marine mammal conservation by requiring the U.S. government to negotiate and enter into agreements with other countries to protect shared populations of marine mammals. It also encourages research and public education initiatives to enhance understanding and awareness of marine mammal conservation issues.

In summary, the Marine Mammal Protection Act is a crucial piece of legislation that aims to safeguard marine mammal populations and their habitats, promote sustainable practices, and ensure the long-term survival of these iconic and ecologically important creatures.

Keywords: marine, mammal, mammals, populations, conservation, protection, habitats, legislation, protect